Synthetic Polymers

                             Synthetic polymer are human-made from the utility point of view, it is often referred to as polymers or plastics. It was invented by Alexander Parks in 1855. It was called park sine (later on celluloid). It is industrially produced chemical substances consisting of a number of molecules.

                             Polymers are made of small repeating units called monomers. Polyethylene is the simplest polymer, which consist of ethane (ethylene) as a monomer units and the corresponding linear polymer is called high density polyethylene (HDPE). There are the types of polymers: synthetic and natural. Synthetic polymers are derived petroleum oil, and made by scientists and engineers. Examples of synthetic polymer includes nylon, polyethylene, Teflon, and epoxy. Natural polymers occur in nature and can be extacted. They are often water based. Examples of naturally, occurring polymers are silk, wool, DNA cellulose and proteins.

                            However, there is always a disadvantage of frequently using different kinds of synthetic polymer or plastic especially if we don’t use it properly. As of now when we observe our environment we can see how crucial our surroundings are. Everyone knows that when it comes to plastic it will last long term /life, like others they said that we already dead or gone in this world but the plastics or polymer are still alive. That’s why we should have a responsibility to use it correctly and limited. Like nowadays the aquatic place, as we observed same of the seas., rivers, ponds, streams and lakes are almost dying specially those living species beneath the waters, they are losing homes, food to eat and soon, just because same of the people make it habit to throw garbage there without any  thinking that there are living organisms live under those aquatic place. Nevertheless, not only aquatic are gradually devastating nowadays, but also terrestrial place. It is really observable of what is happening in our environment or surroundings right now, because of negligence, irresponsibility and lacking of discipline of human being today we gradually feel the consequences we made. Like for instance, we are usually used plastic to buy foods or things and to make it as cover of your things we buy and suddenly when we are done using those kinds of polymers or rather we are no longer need those plastics, we have no idea but to throw it here, there, everywhere which is not good in our environment. There are times that they don’t know how to lose it in their specific place so there idea to burn it anyway, which is also not good in our environment. Everything we do wrong had always a consequence behind. So what we should do to prevent and improve our environment using synthetic polymer because we cannot say that we should extinct those things that have a synthetic polymers because even through there’s a lot of disadvantages, there is always an advantage; one of those examples are appliances; there are appliances that have a presence of synthetic polymers, computers, aircraft, fiber glass and many more. Therefore synthetic polymer is already part of our life. All we need to do is to learn how to use, recycle and reduce. Everything in this world has a limitation. We should know how to limit the use of different kinds of synthetic polymer. Learn to be creative not to be wasted.

                 

        ALL ABOUT ME!!

  I am Jennilyn Bradecina, 17 years existing in this world. Currently living at May-Anao, Tigaon, Camarines Sur. The persons who give birth in me are Rolando and Imelda Bradecina on October 26, 1997. We are 5 siblings and I am 4^th among of them.

                   Simple girl is the best word that describes in me. Simple from the looks, the way I dress, the way I talk and the way I behave. Thoughtful can be found in my mind. When someone I love was not in my side and I don’t even know what she’s doing at this moment, I bother about her. Generous can be found in my hand. I give the thing that makes someone feel happy, specially the people who have nothing. Pity can be seen in my eyes. For those people whom I didn’t know how to ease their pain, pity is the thing I feel but pray is the thing I offer, I do, which I can afford, free and available. Love can be feel in my heart. For all those people around me, I show them my gratitude and as much as I can, I never take them for granted.

                

    In class, I never talked a lot, I often socialize with my classmates, I don’t have a lot of friends that’s why only few people know me better. Maybe because I don’t want a lot of attention, I don’t want to open my life in them. My old classmates are the people who knew me, from the smile, laugh and even tear.

                 Tambay girl can be attached in me. My high school life was an easy stage for me. Instead of studying at night, I go rather to waiting shed and stand by. One of my tambaymate is my crush that’s why I encourage to stand by at night than to focus in my study. Presently, I am single. But I am not NBSB (No Boyfriend Since Birth). I’d got one boyfriend and our relationship last only 10 days, it is not love that hard to sustain but the commitment that complicates everything.

                I am dreaming to become a successful doctor. To help my family and build them a great house. To have a good, happy and God fearing family. And also to help other people.

 

GENERALIZATION OF LIPSTICK MAKING:

Everyone will probably likes and enthusiastic to know on how to make lipstick using natural materials particularly women out there. When we say lipstick it is a cosmetic product that embellishes the lips, changing their natural colour. Therefore this experiment we conducted was really suit and alternative for all the girls that are really fond of using lipsticks. As well as to help reduce their budget to solely buy any kinds of lipstick they want.

The only ingredients we need are petroleum jelly, water, palm oil, and different colours of crayons that are non toxic which is safe to prevent any harm to our lips and of course to make us beautiful naturally especially to make our lips more glossy, matte or balm-like. We can have any colour it depends on what we want.  Just be wise to choose crayons that are free from toxic. And also, follow carefully the methods or steps on how to make it so that it will end up very well and amazing. If you don’t have any materials like alcohol lamp, tripod, wire gauze, stirring pod, and beaker to melt the colour of the crayon, we can use pan that are available in our house but make sure it will not burn. Hence we can also use unwrap paper to place over the pan so that it will not burn and have just a medium heat. And then, while it melting combines all the ingredients needed such as the petroleum jelly and a few drop of palm oil then stir it. After that, use an old lipstick to pour the hot liquid, then place it in the cold temperature and let the lipstick harden.

And that’s it. It feels so great to learn how to make our own lipstick especially if we are just in our home and we don’t enough money to buy a new lipstick, so this is the solution, anytime we can make and choose colour of our lipstick we want particularly when we want to go out or to hang out with our friends. Thus, you can try it also in your home for less cost you can make your lipstick you want. 

Here are some pictures you can see below:

FINISH PRODUCT OF LIPTSICK MAKING

GENERALIZATION OF SOAP MAKING:

Soaps are cleaning agents that are usually made by reacting alkali; example is sodium hydroxide with naturally occurring fat or fatty acids. The reaction produces sodium salts of these fatty acids, which improve the cleaning process by making water better able to lift away greasy stains from skin, hair, clothes, and just about anything else. As a substance that has helped clean bodies as well as possessions, soap has been remarkably useful.

In soap making it is important to know the process on how to make it in order the outcome of your own soap will be successfully good. You can combine any natural ingredients such as carrots, lemons, papaya, pineapple or anything you want to mix on the soap that you’re going to make. Make it sure that the weight of the ingredients that is needed to combine is properly. And also the temperature should have at least 95-98 degrees Fahrenheit or 35-36 degree Celsius. The common ingredients of making soap are coconut oil, water, lye or sodium hydroxide and of course the natural ingredients you want to combine.

Warning when mixing chemicals like lye with water, always add the chemical to the water, and not the water to the chemical in order to reduce the risk of the chemical splashing up and out. Lye (Sodium Hydroxide) is a harsh base and can be extremely dangerous. Avoid skin and eye contact. If you get skin contact, flush with water (after flushing with water you can add vinegar to help neutralize the burn) and seek medical attention. If you get eye contact, flush with cool water for 15-20 minutes and seek medical attention. Use an eye wash center or eye flush bottles if available. If swallowed, contact a poison control center. After the soap has set in a mold, if there are small white lumps in the soap, the soap is caustic and must be disposed of safely. The white lumps are lye. Tools that are used for soap-making must only be used for soap-making. Do not reuse them in the kitchen or around food. Be cautious when using wooden implements since they are porous and can suffer splintering when used repeatedly for soap-making. Do not use whisks since they have many places caustic substance can get stuck and linger. Wear rubber gloves and safety goggles when working with lye. Do not leave lye in reach of children and animals. Lye can be found in the plumbing section of most hardware stores or purchased online. Make sure the package says it is 100% sodium hydroxide. Temperature is crucial when mixing the oils with the lye. If they are too hot, they will separate; if they are too cool, they won't turn into soap. Don't use perfume as a fragrance, especially if it contains alcohol. It will alter the chemical reaction that's taking place between the lye and the fats, and will cause your soap to fail. You can use natural essential oils or fragrances that are specifically manufactured for use in soaps. A little bit of essential oil or fragrance goes a long way. You may only need a teaspoon or so.

Here are some pictures you can see below:

INGREDIENTS OF SOAP MAKING

FINISH PRODUCT

REPORT IN AMINO ACIDS

What is AMINO ACIDS? 

Amino acids are organic compounds that combine to form protein. Amino acids and proteins are the building blocks of life.
 When proteins are digested or broken down, amino acids are left. The human body uses amino acids to make proteins to help the body:

•  Break down food
•  Grow Repair body tissue
•  Perform many other body functions
•  Amino acids can also be used as a source of energy by the body.

 AMINO ACIDS are classified into three groups: 

1.Essential amino acids
2.Nonessential amino acids
3.Conditional amino acids

• Essential amino acids Essential amino acids cannot be made by the body. As a result, they must come from food. The nine essential amino acids are: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine,trytophan, and valine
• .Nonessential amino acids "Nonessential" means that our bodies produce an amino acid, even if we don't get it from the food we eat. They include: alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid. 
•  Conditional amino acids Conditional amino acids are usually not essential, except in times of illness and stress. They include: arginine, cysteine, glutamine, tyrosine, glycine, ornithine, proline, and serine. You do not need to eat essential and nonessential amino acids at every meal, but getting a balance of them over the whole day is important. 

 Amino Acid Abbreviations (IUPAC)

Why are amino acids so important? 

Amino acids are at the basis of all life processes, as they are absolutely essential for every metabolic process. 
Among their most important tasks are the optimal transport and optimal storage of all nutrients (i.e. water, fat, carbohydrates, proteins, minerals and vitamins). 
The majority of diseases such as obesity, high-cholesterol levels, diabetes, insomnia, erectile dysfunction or arthritis can essentially be traced back to metabolic disturbances. This also applies to hair loss and serious cases of wrinkle formation.

• Anti-aging 
• Arthritis and osteoporosis 
• Cholesterol 
• Diabetes 
• Fat-burning 
• Hair
• Menopause 
• Sleep, mood and performance
• Virility and libido

PROPERTIES OF AMINO ACIDS

 The proteins in all living species, from bacteria to humans, are constructed from the same set of 20amino acids, so called because each contains an amino group attached to a carboxylic acid. The amino acids in proteins are α-amino acids, which means the amino group is attached to the α-carbon of the carboxylic acid. Humans can synthesize only about half of the needed amino acids; the remainder must be obtained from the diet and are known as essential amino acids.
Note 
Two more amino acids have been found in limited quantities in proteins. Selenocysteine was discovered in 1986, while pyrrolysine was discovered in 2002. The amino acids are colorless, nonvolatile, crystalline solids, melting and decomposing at temperatures above 200°C. These melting temperatures are more like those of inorganic salts than those of amines or organic acids and indicate that the structures of the amino acids in the solid state and in neutral solution are best represented as having both a negatively charged group and a positively charged group. Such a species is known as a zwitterion.

Amino Acids Various Applications

Amino Acids Various Applications 

 1.Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) There are pharmaceutical products that make use of amino acids themselves, and products that are synthesized and manufactured using amino acids as starting materials. Amino Acids are also used in infusion solutions, in addition to tablet and granulated forms, and are an essential part of modern medical treatments.

 2.Medical Foods / Medical Nutrition Amino Acids are used as a way to provide a concentrated, specific and efficient intake of required nutrient components in medical foods for malnourished patients, elderly people with lower digestive capabilities, as well as in other uses. 

 3.Dietary Supplement / Health Foods / Functional Foods & Beverages Amino Acids are used for compensating amino acid deficiencies, as well as in supplements that make use of the specific function of amino acids. Products are sold in tablet, granular and capsule forms. These products were once mostly used by athletes, but they are now popular among the wider public for everyday workout and health maintenance. There are also functional food and beverage products that contain amino acids for functions similar to those found in health foods. 

 4.Cosmetics Amino Acids are used in cosmetics for their unique moisturizing effect and pH levels. Amino acid derivatives are also used for their stability and absorbency.

 5.Culture Medium Recently, pharmaceutical products research and manufacture using cell culture process have become very popular. Amino Acids are essential components of cell culture medium. Amino Acids are considered to be indispensable to cell growth and production of antibodies and proteins.

SOLAR JET FUEL

"Solar" jet fuel created from water and carbon dioxide

For the first time ever, researchers from the EU-funded SOLAR-JET project have succeeded in creating “solar” jet fuel (kerosene) from practically nothing but water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide (CO2).

The new means of producing jet fuel could “revolutionize the future of aviation” — according to the researchers, anyway. The new process can also be (potentially) used to produce a number of other types of fuel — including diesel, gasoline, and/or pure hydrogen.

“Increasing environmental and supply security issues are leading the aviation sector to seek alternative fuels which can be used interchangeably with today’s jet fuel, so-called drop-in solutions,” explained Dr Andreas Sizmann, the project coordinator at Bauhaus Luftfahrt. “With this first-ever proof-of-concept for ‘solar’ kerosene, the SOLAR-JET project has made a major step towards truly sustainable fuels with virtually unlimited feedstocks in the future.”

The new process relies on the utilization of a redox cycle with metal-oxide-based materials at high temperatures, which uses concentrated sunlight to convert CO2 and water to a synthesis gas (syngas). This syngas is, essentially, a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide — this is then converted into kerosene via already available commercial Fischer-Tropsch technology.

“The solar reactor technology features enhanced radiative heat transfer and fast reaction kinetics, which are crucial for maximizing the solar-to-fuel energy conversion efficiency,” stated Professor Aldo Steinfeld, leading the fundamental research and development of the solar reactor at ETH Zürich.

While the solar-driven part of this process is new, as stated before, the processing of syngas to kerosene has been around (and commercialized) for some time now. By combining the two, though, a potential path to a “sustainable and scalable supply of renewable aviation fuel” brings a new possibility. Of course, economics will be the determining factor in whether such a path is viable or not.

“This is potentially a very interesting novel pathway to liquid hydrocarbon fuels using focussed solar power,” noted Professor Hans Geerlings at Shell. “Although the individual steps of the process have previously been demonstrated at various scales, no attempt had been made previously to integrate the end-to-end system. We look forward to working with the project partners to drive forward research and development in the next phase of the project on such an ambitious emerging technology.”

The SOLAR-JET (Solar chemical reactor demonstration and Optimization for Long-term Availability of Renewable JET fuel) project was launched in June 2011 and is being partially funded by the European Union under the 7th Framework Programme for a period of four years.

In related news, another approach to the issue of finding/developing replacements for the high-performance fuels currently derived from fossil fuels, biofuel production, recently took a big step forward thanks to researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology and the Joint BioEnergy Institute. Researchers at these institutions succeeded in creating a new high-energy biofuel that could potentially replace or supplement expensive missile fuels currently in-use, such as JP10.

Also, even further along and more promising is some halophyte biofuel research being conducted by Masdar Institute, Boeing, Etihad Airways, and others. CleanTechnica‘s exclusive coverage of that biofuel research is linked above, and a follow-up is coming shortly.

 The Solar Reactor that was used to turn water and CO2 into jet fuel

In a move that could help address our insatiable thirst for fuel while at the same time help cut CO2 emissions, scientists with the SOLAR-JET (Solar chemical reactor demonstration and Optimization for Long-term Availability of Renewable Jet fuel) project have recently shown that through a multi-step process, concentrated sunlight can be used to convert carbon dioxide into kerosene, which can then be used as jet fuel.

How it works

Although in an early stage of development, the process uses a solar-driven redox cycle with metal-oxide based materials at high temperatures to rearrange electrons, converting carbon dioxide and water into hydrogen and carbon monoxide, also known as synthesis gas (syngas).

“The solar reactor technology features enhanced radiative heat transfer and fast reaction kinetics, which are crucial for maximizing the solar-to-fuel energy conversion efficiency,” says Professor Aldo Steinfeld, leading the fundamental research and development of the solar reactor at ETH Zürich.

The process is then completed using the Fischer-Tropsch process, which is already approved to create fuel for commercial aviation and is used worldwide by companies such as Shell. Developed in 1925, the process takes the hydrogen and carbon monoxide from the syngas, and creates kerosene in liquid form, making it relatively simple to transport.

The impact

"This is potentially a very interesting novel pathway to liquid hydrocarbon fuels using focused solar power," says Professor Hans Geerlings at Shell. “Although the individual steps of the process have previously been demonstrated at various scales, no attempt had been made previously to integrate the end-to-end system. We look forward to working with the project partners to drive forward research and development in the next phase of the project on such an ambitious emerging technology.”

The next phase of the project will require the partners to determine the potential to implement the technology on an industrial scale. At this point, a glass of fuel has been created in a lab with simulated sunlight. It will take significant research and testing to determine if the technology can scale up and remain both cost and energy efficient. This evaluation is expected to be completed in 2015.

"This technology means we might one day produce cleaner and plentiful fuel for planes, cars and other forms of transport," says Máire Geoghegan-Quinn, European Commissioner for Research, Innovation and Science. "This could greatly increase energy security and turn one of the main greenhouse gases responsible for global warming into a useful resource."

Sources: ETH Zurich, European Union, SOLAR-JET

INTRODUCTION ABOUT OURSELVES (DANIELYN FERNANDEZ)

        ALL ABOUT ME !

A pleasant day to you..!!

I was born on February 20, 1998, a Pisces girl with a birthstone of Aquamarine. Simple, Strong, kindhearted, and shy type. Danielyn Clarines Fernandez is the name. Seventeen year old girl. I have a beautiful dog named whitey. She is very lovely. I love my dog.

I have a healthy family, my mother is Jelly Clarianes Fernandez, a lovable and virtuous housewife. My father is Danilo Brutas Fernandez, a very industrious to our family. My parents are very good and kind to us as their children. They teach us on how to respect                                                                                     and being respect. My brothers and sister and I                                                                                            grown with faith in God.

   

I am the youngest in five siblings. I have three brothers, they are Joel, Rudy and Jayson.

They all have their own families. My one and only sister is Dahlia. She also have her on faily as well. Their family is so excited.!!^.^

 

At the age of 11, I'll become a sacristan in our church until high school. But now I'm college I quit ofcourse because of my the situation. However, I know that our Priest head understand it. My hobbies are dancing, singing and writing. I love dance and I really enjoy dancing.

I enrolled and graduated my Elementary garden at the age of 6 with Diploma. Joining in Girl scout and other activities that help me to be a better responsible individual during that time.

People say that High School life is the beginning of experiencing joy, happiness and sadness. Yes! I agree with that. When I was in first year in High School, I always in canteen during my free time and recess ofcourse. That's why my classmate said that "Danielyn you gain fats" haha ^___^. But sooner or later, I realized that their statement makes my life a feeling of shyness. However, days and months passed I really know how to control my hubby which is eating. In section, I always won in Declamation and Storytelling from 1^st year to 4^th year that’s why I’ve got the title as Storyteller and Declaimer of the year.

MY FRIENDS!!

i miss them.. groupie after bible study.

MS. UN

sir Alejo Pomar is the best !!!

                                         

our recognition day [2nd year] 

GLAMBATION

 

 

my majorette members

  I was joined in (AHEM) majorette as a member since 1^st year and I became majorette leader when I reached in 4^th year where Pioneer High School, name of my school, was the 3^rd placer during Military Parade in Naga City last September,2013.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

When I was in third year, I got the title as Ms. Liberty and Ms. Senior in fourth year. My four years were the happiest time in my memory. I really proud my Alma Mater. When I was in third and fourth year high school our group always got the first place during dance contest. I graduated my high school with a Diploma and 3^rd honorable mention.

Honestly! I should say that there is so many undecidable happened before I got my course. However, being biology student is really amazing and I really do like it. I hope, in the near future I become successful enough for my family.